Top Right: Sea level anomalies on April 24, 2023 from Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich data showing higher sea level along the equator and in the Eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. The seasonal cycle and trend have been taken out to highlight the impacts of El Niño. [Credit: Kevin Marlis, JPL].
Bottom: Time series of sea surface temperature anomalies for El Niño regions highlighted by black and brown boxes in Figure 1, derived by applying a long term climatology (2003-2022) to the daily NASA MEaSUREs Multi-Scale Ultra-High Resolution (MUR) dataset since December 2022. Since March 2023, an El Niño has been trending positive in these regions. [Credit: Julie Sanchez, JPL].
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate pattern in the Pacific Ocean that has two phases: El Niño (warm/wet phase) and La Niña (cold/dry phase). Because the temperature of the water during these events changes, it can have consequences on fisheries in South America and weather across the globe, with extreme events such as flooding and droughts often affecting South America, Indonesia and Australia.
We have been experiencing La Niña conditions for the last 2 and a half years. The last strong El Niño event occurred in 2015/2016 and a weak El Niño event was also experienced during the winter of 2018/2019.
Sea surface height (SSH) data from the TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason and Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich missions along with satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data help us study and understand the complex interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere that affect global weather and climate. El Niño is one well-known example of this interaction. While the SST is a direct indicator of El Niño (El Niño is commonly defined at several locations when the SST anomaly is 0.5 degrees Celsius or greater for 5-6 consecutive months), SSH data can also help to monitor El Niño events. Indeed, when the water warms up (which is the case during El Niño), it expands causing sea level to rise. TOPEX/Poseidon was the first oceanographic research mission that was able to capture the largest El Niño in 100 years which gave a global perspective on the short term climate events, such as La Niña.
Figures 1 and 3 display SST anomalies on April 24, 2023 derived by applying a long term climatology (2003-2022) to the daily MEaSUREs Multi-Scale Ultra-High Resolution (MUR) dataset. It shows that in April 2023, SST is now greater than 0.5 degrees Celsius above normal along the Equatorial Pacific and 3 degrees Celsius above normal further East. The MUR SST product is based on merging multiple infrared and microwave SST datasets to create a daily 1 km gridded global SST product.
Figure 2 shows sea level anomalies (SLA) measurements from the MEaSUREs SSH project. Kelvin waves transporting warm waters (with a higher sea level in red as warm water tends to expand) are seen propagating from the western part of the Pacific Ocean towards the East along the Equator. This is typically a well-known precursor to an El Niño event. The MEaSUREs SSH product used along track altimetry data from the Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich mission to create a 1/6th of a degree gridded global SSH product.